ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE

 

Insights into the potato valué chain of Bolivia -Market potentials for integrating native varieties in the context of Food Security

 

Conocimientos en la cadena de valor de papa de Bolivia -potenciales de mercado para la integración de variedades nativas en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria

 

 

Karina Klein¹, Juan Carlos Torneo Albino², Sabine Schlueter^3
1Institute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, Cologne University of Applied Science, kar_klein@web.de
²Bolivian Instituteof economics and A granan Policy, torrico@web.de
³histitute for Technology and Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, Cologne University of Applied Science, sabine. schlueter@th-koeln.de
Recibido: 01/11/17 Aceptado: 29/12/17

 

 

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Abstract

Gobalization, changing demand patterns and competition impose high pressure upon the potato system and especially poor, rural farmers ofthe Altiplano. Anongoing trendofthe displacement oftraditionalfoodproducts and the import of other staple foods is conse- quently decreasing the diversity of producednative potatoes. Though, genetic resources are the most valuable as s ets that Andean potato farmers have in terms of food s ecurity, nutrition and household income. Valué chains which link rural and urban markets, as wellas the agro-industry, represent promisingopportunities for increasingruralincomes throughadding valué to foodproducts. This researchabout the potato valué chain in La Pazaims to illuminate the complexity andpersuasibüty ofthe staple food systemand shows its bottlenecks as startingpoints forimprovement. The results indicate thatthe linkages of urban and rural markets of La Paz are very weakdue to poorinfrastructure andhigh transaction costs, hinderingsmallfarmers to enterbigger andmore profitable markets. Consumere' preferences fosterthe commercialization of improved potato varieties mainly usedforthe fast food and snack industry, promotingat the same time the loss ofbiologicaldiversity. However, niche markets for native potatoes are identiñed in the gourmet food sector and within nutrition- al markets including hospitals and industries producing food supplements andbaby food which y et need to be further analy zed.

Keywords: Potato valué chain; agrobiodiversity; native varieties; food security; nutrition; product innovation.

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Resumen:

La globalización y los cambios en los patrones de la demanday la competencia imponen presión en el sistema de producción de papas, especialmente para agricultores pobres de la región del Altiplano boliviano. Una persistente tendencia a la migración hacia productos no tradicionales y el incremento de las importaciones de otros aumentos básicos conlleva a la disminución déla diversidad en laproducción de papas nativas. Los recursos genéticos son elactivo más valioso para los productores de papa andinos en cuanto a su seguridad alimenticia, nutrición e ingresos familiares. Las cadenas de valor que unen los mercados urbanos y rurales, así como la agroindustria, presentan unaprometedoraoportunidad para crear valor agregado enlos productos alimenticios y, por consiguiente, incrementar los ingresos en la zona rural. La investigación sobre la cadena de valor de las papas nativas en La Paztiene como objetivo iluminar la complejidady mejorar la comprensión del sistema de aumentos básicos, muestra asítambiénlos cuellos de botellay puntos para mejorar elcomplejo productivo. Los resultados indican que los enlaces entre los mercados urbanos y rurales de La Paz son débiles a causa de infraestructura deficiente y los altos costos de las transacciones. Estas condiciones perjudican la oportunidadde los pequeños agricultores de conver-tirse en parte de mercados más lucrativosy de mayor escala. La preferencia de los consumidores promueve la comercialización de las variedades de papas genéticamente mejoradas, las cuales son principalmente utilizadas por la industria de la comida rápida y industria de bocadillos. Esto simultáneamente causa la reducción en la diversidadbiológicadelalimento. Sin embargo, el sector gourmet y mercados basados en valor nutricional, como los hospitales, presentan un nicho de mercado para las papas nativas. Se reconoce el potencial, que debe ser investigado, en la industria de suplementos alimenticios como es la comida para bebes.

Palabras clave: Cadena de valor de la papa; biodiversidad agrícola; variedades nativas; seguridad alimenticia; nutrición; innovación de productos.

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INTRODUCTION

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an accessible product forall Bolivians being a superior option to other staple foods and the key factor for household food security. Aymaran and Quechuan communities of the northern Altiplano in La Paz, are the custo-dians of the numerous varietés of potatoes which assign multi-dimensional importance to their daily lives. The área probably contains about 370 different potato varieties grown in situ with different agronomic characteristics,uses and consumptbn forms (Marte et al. 2009).

Consideringallabiotic and biotic variables in the harshregbnof the Altiplano, shows the art behind potato cultivationand under-lines its' ecologicaladaptability. The ancestralknowledge about potato farming is quite developed and is exprés sed in the good management of varieties, bio-indicators, soils and reductbn of climatic risks among others.

But the management of possible risks to food security and ag-ricultural resources has become more important than ever since food systems are expanding towards a marginal level mostly in vulnerable andpoor áreas as in the Andean mountain región. Es-pecially the small-scale potato farmers of Bolivia are prone to a wide range of risks and limited assets which directly affect their livelihoods. Changes as for instance unusual drought and frost patterns, diseases and pests are spreading as the climate warms up due to climate change (FAO2009, Thiele et al. 2011). Ad-ditionally socio-economic characteristics as disparities in land holdings and imported staple food are aggravating existing live-lihoods (CIP 2009). Competition from large-scale producers, missing rural-urban linkages and infrastructure cause traditbnal varieties to behardly recognized in urban markets whichhin- der small-scale farmers to access dynamic markets that could be more profitable. Even though an increased demand for na- tive potatoes can be noticed, Andean farmers have difficulties tomeet the needed standards since one essential limiting factor of productionis thelowavailabüity ofnative quality seed (Thiele et al. 2011). Smallholders are disadvantagedby urban consum-ers demandingforchips andfries supportingcross-bordertrade that benefits large producers with high yielding monocultuies. (IFPRI, 2017). But since traditional knowledge and the use of biodiversity are the mostvaluable assets potato farmers have, the loss of ancient varieties and wild species by missing consumer demand threatens these key assets andbrings upthetopic of food security and sovereignty.

This current development ofhigh poverty rates, low potato pro-ductivity and marginal participation in food markets of farmers in La Paz, shows a gradual abandonment of the countryside by the Bolivian population, which seeks for better economic op-portunities in urban centers or even in other countries (Colque et al. 2015). Rapidurbanizationin tumis intensifyingissuesasfood insecurity, malnutrition and poverty also within urban áreas. Food chains are reshaped due to changing diets or the "nutritbn transition" describing a shift of consumption towards processed foods, causingdiet-relateddiseases as overweightand diabetes.

Therefore policies andresearch is dedicated to enhance rural-urban knkages asbetweensmallholders andurbanconsumers in or-derto eradicate malnutrition andimprove food security forrural áreas as wellas urban áreas. Farmers benefit fromlargermarkets and upcoming opportunities fornative potatoes andconsumersin turn receive local, nutritious foods whose demand maintains their biodiversity andculturalheritage (IFPRI, 2017).

In order to understand and tackle the challenges of today s food systems the conceptof valué chains is usedasunit of analysis for stimulating agriculturalinnovations. Within this conte?t the focus lays next to the analysis, on the demand creation and mar- ket integration of native potato varieties through for instance processing and value-addingactivities which benefit poorfarmers. With taking the socio-economic environment of the potato valué chain into consideration the analysis shows howthe chain is structured and operated. Additionally chain impacts onhouse-hold decisión level and usage of genetic resources become visible as well as bottlenecks thatcould enhance the market entonce and agrobiodiversity (Hellin, 2013, Hellin & Meijer, 2006).

Within this context the two main objectives are:

•             Elabórate a thorough analy sis of the potato valué chain in La Paz and hownative potato varieties are managed.

•             Investigate the potential of linking small scale farmers to nutritional markets in La Paz in order to improve market ac-cess andlivelihoods.

 

METHODOLOGY

The data acquisitionandknowledge gain was carriedoutthrough combining different qualitative and quantitative methodobgies. The investigations thatare subject to this work were preceded by a stay of three months in La Paz, from March to June 2017. The frameworkforthis analy sis requiredthecollectionandevahatbn of data on múltiple scales and an approach that gives deepened insights into decisión and interactionprocesses. More- over actions within the potato valué chain do notproceed linear like the model suggests but rather in bidirectional way s driven by personal motives. Keeping this in mind, primary data from field visits, market observations, interviews and surveys has been gatheredonaregionalandlocalscale, to understand the diffeient dimensions of the potato valué chain in La Paz and how it func-tions. In orderto successfully accomplish a valué chain analysis, the FAO guidelines fromBellú 2013 were followed.

Semi-structured interviews with experts from essential parís of the potato valué chain build the core of investigations. Because conversations establish the possibüity to understand the personal context behind actions within the valué chain, they theiefoie give sense to market observations and endose to a totalpictuie. Talking to local seed suppliersfor instance gives informaren about different potato qualities and access limitations that affect farmers.

The Consumer survey represents the quantitative part of the applied methodology nextto the qualitative observations andinterviews. The aimof the survey was to identify the awareness of the existing native potato variéty and including the identificatión of consumere' preferences forpurchasing different potatoes out of which market potentials can be assumed. The survey was conductedin three different cities in Bolivia which are: the main study área La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. La Paz and Cochabamba where chosen for sampling since they are micro-centers of potato biodiversity and therefore Íntersectionpoints for trading and consumption. Santa Cruz is interesting forfínding new market niches, as Yuka is more embedded in tradi- tional dishes and markets are not oversaturated with potato prod- ucts. For the survey, public places were chosen in combination with a potato-tasting of three different native varieties. Lastiy a SWOT-Analy sis has been applied on the base of gathered infor-mation to identify opportunities of success for native potatoes and finding the best path for producers, according to existing strengths and opportunities.

RESULTS

Potato valué chain La Paz

The potato systemin Bolivia is very unique in terms of vertical seed supply fromhighto lowáreas,heterogeneous agro-pioduc-tive conditions according to the different ecosystems andfluctu-ating accessto markets dueto theseasonality of supply. Potatoes represent the main crop of production systems of poor farmers with 54,000 ha cultivated, accounting to 30% of the national atea dedicatedforpotatofarming(INE,2017). Biodiversity is usedas livelihood strategy for decreasing the risks of sudden weather shocks as droughts and frost.

The valué chain involves the interlinkages of production, trans-portation, distribution and commercialization ofraw potatoes and potato seeds. The market in La Paz is characterized by the coexistenceofa formal and an informal systemthough the ma-jority of the various distribution channels are part of the informal potato system. This informalsystemis fed by potatoes originating from cultivations thatare solely managedby farmers without meeting the regulations of the National Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Innovation (INIAF). The formal system is led by SEPA who provides the largest proportions of certified potato seed in Bolivia and is contralled by the governmentalentity INIAF (Almekinders et al. 2010, Swisscontact 2014).

La Paz represents one ofthe biggest andmost importantmarkets of Bolivia since it is used as trade intersection. The marketing system of potatoes has different elements as weekly fairs in rural áreas or bigger markets in the city as in La Paz or El Alto with the possibility of storage. Wholesalers count to one ofthe most im-portantactors in thevaluechain next to producers and retailers as they dis tribute large quantities to several market participants (see figure 1). They selltheirproducts to supermarkets, restaurants, small industries and hotels. Wholesalers or Mayoristas negoti-ate with large volumes andrelatively smallunitary margins (Ze-ballos et al. 2009, CIP, 2009). Especially the wholesale market Rodriguezis es sentialin terms of potato trade whereby the main demand comes fromhouseholds and restaurants which determine the traditional channel of commercialization. The choice of of-fered potato varieties is mainly determined by transportatbn and distribution. Others trust on their experiences of previous sales andtaste(Devauxetal. 2010, Polar et al. 2012).

Trucker (Camiones) have an important function in the potato market as they represent the linkage of farmers and the matket due to a lack of own transportation. In case ofthe Rodríguez market, Camiones come every week and bring potatoes ofthe most commercial varieties as Waycha, Holandesa and Sanilmil-la, selling themto wholesalers (personal communication). Retailers have a business of smaller units which are cleaned and packed into new bags adding valué to the potato. They ate less specialized than wholesalers and have high unit margins since they have the highest risks and losses. As for every actor in the chain margins are as well determined by price fluctuations and negotiations.

Figure 1: Interactions of main actors ofthe potato chain in La Paz

Consumer preferences

The sampleof 195consumere (LP:47,CBBA: 101, SC: 47) gives insights into the last segment of the valué chain, stimulatingthe creation of product innovations accordingto existing demand pattems. The results of the frequency of potato consumption show that abouthalf of the sample group consume potatoes eveiy day and 17% at least 4-5 day s within one week, underlining the importance of potato as Bolivian staple food and in terms of food security. In order to understand what consumere are looking for in a potato and which varieties fulfülthese specifications, tespon-dents were asked to pick 3 attributes out of 12 that are important for the decisión of purchasinga certain potato variety. Connect-ing preferred attributes and native potato gives a notion of their market potentialand consumer acceptance. According tothe 12 múltiple-choice attributes, a potato which combines a pleasant taste, médium size andafloury consistency is preferred most.

Moreover consumere have been asked ifthey would be wilüng to pay a higher price if there were varieties on the market with attributes they desire and additionally with ahigh nu tritio nal valué (rich in iron and zinc). Over 70% stated thatthey would pay a higher prize whereas La Paz even has a willingness of almost 90%. Figure 2 also illustrates that the percentage of consumers who is willing to pay a higher prize, would pay either one ortwo Bolivianos more per kilogram of potatoes. 17% even stated that a higher price up to five Bolivianos more would be acceptable which howeveris questionable.

Figure 2: Willingness of consumers to pay more and amount for native potatoes

SWOT results

Strengths:

• The potato is themostimportant staple foodin Bolivia in terms of Food Security since the consumption and income of sales determines household livelihoods.

•  The potato has a wide ecological adaptability which allows farmers to plant themalmost in every eco -región.

•  The Potato has a good input/output ratio as it demands less bnd and naturalre so urces thanother staple crops and 85% of the plant is edible.

• The Potato has a short vegetative cycle which allows double and intercropping systems with the fírst harvest after 100 day s.

• High nutritionalvalué because of Vitamin C, B6, Bl, minerals as potassium, calciumand phosphorus andmicronutrients forin-stanceiron and zinc. Moreover native potatoes contain adiffeient form of starch which has a higher quality than in improved varieties. Dietary fiber and antioxidants are addedon topwhenthe crop is eaten with its peel.

• Bolivia has a comparative advantage in producing certified s eed in comparisonto otherbreeding companies as theNetherlands.

• Native potatoes have a high culinary quality s ince the wide bb-diversity entails severaldifferentcharacteristics as form, color of flesh and peel, taste and consistency.

Weaknesses:

• Low levelof productivity.

• Potato seeds have a low quality due to mixed genotypes, mi-crobial contamination and pests. Moreover only a ridiculously small number of certified native seeds exists which leads toa bw market supply of quality potato.

• Farmers have a lackof knowledge about pest management and diseas es for example the weevilof the Andes.

• High transaction costs due to poor infrastructure of roads and storing capacities and slowormissing information transfer.

• Lackingaccess to fínancial services, market information, technology andinputs.

• Potato causes as bulky and heavy crop high transportatbn costs which constrains the exportation. Rural farmers who cultivate native potatoes are dependent ontaxis and busses in orderto sel their potatoes atbiggermarkets and forced to pay ahigh extra for transporting the potatoes.

• Fertile land is limited and production units are mainly smaller than one hectare and scattered.

• Climatic conditions bearhighrisks for farmers who have dif-ficulties to cope with drought, frost and desertification and lace food insecurity in times of sudden yield losses.

• Environmental conditions in the Puna Alto and Puna eco-re gion only allow one planting season (ano grande) which hinders small farmers to supply native potatoes throughout the whole y ear and causes seasonalprice fluctuations.

• Missing demand and poor infrastructure has ledtohigh pnces of native varieties.

• Contraband of cheaperpotatoes at country borders of Peni and Argentina lead to higher competition and the abandonmentof locally produced potatoes.

•  Small and médium enterprises which demand native potatoes do not fínd the appropriate supply due to missing quantities and the lackof uniformquality throughouttheyear.

•  Consumer ignorance of traditional consumption forms and missing awareness of potato diversity.

Opportunities:

•  Severalpotato varieties are endemic in the Andean región and are not produced anywhere else on the market giving products an unique valué.

• New land for agriculturalproduction of higher altitudes can be setfreeby globalwarming sincefrostisaproductionconstraint settingthe agriculturalfrontier.

• Planting seasons may expand due to warmertemperaturas giving the opportunity of production expansión.

• If consumers explore and appreciate the benefits of native potatoes the demand forthemwill increase and créate betterprices.

•  Small offer of diversified products on potato base raises the chancesfornewand innovativeproducts onthe market.

• Nutritional products of native potatoes cantackle the issue of child malnutrition.

•  Santa Cruz can have a high market potential since markets ate not oversaturated with potato products andthe benefits of native varieties are mostly unknown.

Threats:

•  Native potatoes only have few market niches since some of their characteristics for instance form, color and tas te make them difficult to process and therefore uninteresting for the fast food industry. This impedes the searchforinvestors and product in-novations.

• Ongoing urbanizationleads to changes in employmentwheieby farmers leave behind agriculture and searchforjobs in the sec-ondary ortertiary sector lo sing the abüity tobe self-sustainingin terms offood.

•  The low demand of native potatoes that have been produced locally triggers the ongoing extinctionof wild species and the loss ofbiodiversity and cultural heritage.

• Climate change and conflictinguse of waterbodies place farmers at risk since they are dependentfrom environmental water supply.

• Increasing importations of staple food and contraband lead to higher price fluctuations of potatoes andthe dependency oninter-nationalprices prone to speculations.

•  Dissemination of genetic resources to other countries takes away traditional rights of farmers and abüity to enterniche markets with unique potato varieties.

SWOT Strategies

Strategiesforthe integrationofnativepotatoes and maintenance ofbiodivers ity have been developed using the analyzed interink-ages of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats within the potato valué chain.

 

DISCUSSION

The results oftendencies of supply, demand and consumption of potato allow speculations about potential scenarios ofthe de-velopment ofthe potato systemin Bolivia. If the trend continúes that the country substitute's potatoes by importing stapb food and evenpotatoesfromother countries while consumers dietsate restricted to convenience and fast food, peasant and indigenous agriculture will likely deteriórate, which in turn is the essential base of rural farmers (FAO, 2015). At the end of this devefop-ment, the displacement of traditional products as native potatoes affects the diversity of production as farmers are adapting to the demand and consequently decrease their diversity of consumption as well (IFPRI, 2017).

Native potatoes in contextofFoodSecurity and Sovereignty In terms offood security, native varieties contribute to the pillar ofutilization concentrating on the qualitative aspect offood con-sidering daily requirements of energy andmicronutrients in oider to achieve a state of nutritional well-being, meaning a physical state withouthungerandmalnutrition(FAO, 2015). This aimcan be contributed to, since the native tubers have a high content of micronutrients as iron and zinc and other favorable nutritional aspects. Especially since Bolivia is facing high numbers of chM and female malnutrition there is an urgentneed forapproach- es that are solution-oriented whereas benefitting at the same time other relevant topics as biodiversity and rural development through strenglhening farmers' livelihoods (WFP, 2012). Theie-fore agriculture and food production in Bolivia is dependent on the maintenance ofthe genetic diversity of potatoes which makes food production systems resilient andends malnutrition sustain-ably.

In terms offood sovereignty, native potatoes contain the ancestral knowledgeand production processes of previous Bolivian farmers reaching backto the Incas. Food sovereignty gives Bolivian potato producers theright to "produce, distribute and consume healthy food in and near their territory in an ecologicaly sustainable manner" (Altieri& Toledo, 2011). A food soveieign-ty strategy follows the guideline of production systems being biodiverse, fair and resüient. These characteristics addtess the pillar of accesstoproductive resources containingthe promotion of access to land, seeds, water, credits, localmarkets, genetic and other natural resources and a fair distribution of benefits (Lee, 2007). Through analyzing the valué chain andenhancingthe co-operation ofsmallholders andurbanconsumers by addingvabe to native potato products, economic development can increase, nutrition for rural and urban populations can improve and pro-ducers can benefit from new opportunities of larger urban mar-kets (IFPRI, 2017).

Table 1 SWOT-Strategy-Matrix for native potatoes

Potential for nutritional-, andotherniche markets Valué chains face aneed to constantly adapt since product inno-vations have a lifecycle and are influenced by the market envi-ronment. Upcoming innovations do not necessarily have to be totally new, they rather are a combination of existing ideas that benefit both, consumers and producers but are alway s respond-ing to a certain demand. Throughrespondingto those demands market participants canbenefit of new business opportunities that hold greaterpromises (Bernet et al. 2006). The biodiversity of potatoes needs to be spread to all actors in the valué chain, especially to the consumers since their demand is the driver of change. Attractiveoptions in terms ofusage andpreparatbn need to be presented to eclipse imported varieties and pro mote native ones. Thereforethe industrialization of potatoes is important as growing demand should be taken advantage of at Andean level (Devauxetal., 2010).

Potatoes are suitable for a wide range of products which diver-sifies possible opportunities ofcommercialization. Incentivizing the consumption of native varieties on national level for differ-ent niche markets cannot be forced wherefore product innovations need to have an additional valué next to flavor in order to find market acceptance. As underlined before, one of the main strengths of native potato varieties which stands out in compar-ison to commercial ones is their high nutritional valué. This nu-tritional quality of antioxidants, micronutrients and fiber is the potentialfor entering markets that set high valué on the product compositionof ingredients. Such nutritional markets in La Paz could encompass child hospitals, baby food producers, school feeding programs or industries of food supplements. However, the generationof anewproductbasedon native potatoes can be the main innovation needed. Small industries and reseatch organizations already made pilot tests in the past for diffeient products as chips or pre-cooked native potatoes which hit upon approvalby consumers.

For example PROINPA, Papa Andina and PayPa have been working on the promotion of pro -poor innovations for pota- to based food systems anddeveloped virus-free quality seeds and native potato chips nextto other products sofar(Devaux et al. 2009, Swisscontact 2014). The Bolivian market offer of native potatoes focusses mainly on one single product, which is the selected, washed and baggedfresh potato. Other potentials for native potatoes are seen in the gourmet kitchen because of the diverse characteristics in form, color and taste which allow unique opportunities for cooks (Devauxet al. 2011). Therefoie culinary qualities of potatoes créate a platformfor cooperating with local restaurants and hotels in La Paz to invent new and fashionable potato products. Ideas of products could for example be colored Ghocchiand mashedpotatoes in purple ororange depending on the varieties color of flesh. Furthermore concepts ofCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) could be introducedin the native potato business with companies benefitting through social marketing and an improved image. Implementing a Par-ticipatory Market Chain Approach for commercial innovations can assist in productelaboration andpromotion andadditionally in public awareness. Followed up market studies can show the product acceptance and improve new marketing concepts (Bernet et al. 2006). Referring to the above mentioned, farmers and local restaurants as GUSTU could work together and elabórate demanded potato varieties and their possibility of supply. The ongoingestablishment offarmerassociations could forexample help to meet the requestedquantity of restaurants.

 

CONCLUSIÓN

• Potato consumption in La Paz transcends cultures and culinary traditions, however it maintains to be the most important strate-gic product contributing to food security with biodiversity as a key assetforfoodsecurity,nutritionand livelihoods.

•Themagnitudeofcontributiontoemploymentandincomejus-tifies efforts to strengthen the development of the potato sector. Nevertheless Andeanproducers are locatedin territories of high vulnerability andrisks facing highpoverty rates, lowpotato pro-ductivity and marginal participation in food markets. Theiefoie valué chains linked to the agro-industry present new opportunities foradding valué and raising ruralincomes.

• Demand trends show that societies' consumption is changing towards products fromforeign markets, displacing their own tra-ditionalproducts consequently decreasingthe diversity of potato production.

• In order to meet the demand, the quality and yield of potatoes, seed needto be improvedthroughcreating access todisease-fiee seed thatwill improve crop yield and quality.

• Entering into biggermarkets should go hand in hand with natural resources management and the maintenance of biodiversi- ty while combining the traditional knowledge with new market strategies and local partners as NGOs, institutions and others. Through this, small-scale farmer's competitiveness can be in-creased and new production strategies formed while maintaining the genepoolofpotatoes and thetraditionalknowledge.

• Furtherresearch and promotion ofenhancing biodiversity and product innovations should focus on actors of the nutritional markets as the biggest national potentialfor integrating native potatoes is seen in this niche market.

 

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