ARTÍCULO

 

Deforestation Rates in the Mexican Huasteca Región (1976-2011)

 

Tasas de deforestación en la Región Huasteca de México (1976-2011)

 

 

Carmelo Peralta-Rivero'*, Carlos Contreras Servín¹, M. Guadalupe Galindo Mendoza¹, Marcos Algara Siller²,
Jean Franqois Mas Caussef^3
1 Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí - Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la tecnología,
Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México, e-mail: peralta.carmelo@gmail.com
² Faculta de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma San Luis Potosí, México
³ Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
* Autor de correspondencia
Recibido: 6/09/2014 | Aceptado: 28/10/2014

 

 

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Abstract

The current study aims to analyze temporal land use and land cover changes in the Huasteca región. We used cartographic information of land use and vegetation for the years 1976, 1993, 2002, 2007, and 2011, with a scale of analysis of 1:250,000 from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography of México. The cartography data was corrected, standardized, and affected áreas by deforestation were quantified and mapped. Different techniques of Geographic Information Systems were developed to demónstrate that process of land use and land cover changes have occurred in 17.43% of the region's surface. Agriculture and the increase of pasture could be identified as the main human-induced activities that have led to the modification of the forest covers. The forest and rain forest were affected by deforestation and the rate of change was higher than the national average, mainly in the period 1976-2002. Further important alterations include a change from natural land cover to non-original land cover affecting an área of 4,874.28 km² between 1976 and 1993, and 2,474.93 km² in the period 1993-2002. Smaller changes could be detected for the periods 2002-2007 and 2007-2011. Mapping for the years of analysis made it possible to identify the land use and land cover changes in the Huasteca región. The techniques used are tools that can be employed to assess the negative impact on the vegetation, and to propose altematives for the management and sustainable use of natural resources.

Keywords: Land use change, deforestation, GIS, temporal analysis, Huasteca

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Resumen

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los cambios temporales de uso y cobertura de suelo en la región Huasteca de México. Utilizamos información cartográfica de uso de suelo y vegetación para los años 1976, 1993, 2002, 2007 y 2011 con una escala de análisis de 1:250,000 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía de México. La información cartográfica fue corregida, estandarizada y se cuantificaron y mapearon las principales áreas afectadas por deforestación. Diferentes técnicas de Sistemas de Información Geográfica fueron desarrolladas para demostrar que los cambios de uso y cobertura de suelo ocurrieron en 17.43% de la superficie de la región. La agricultura y el incremento de pasto pueden ser identificadas como las principales actividades humanas que han modificado la cobertura forestal. Los bosques y selvas fueron afectados por la deforestación con tasas de cambios más alta que la tasa promedio a nivel nacional, principalmente para el periodo 1976-2002. Otras alteraciones importantes incluyen un cambio de las coberturas naturales de suelo hacia las coberturas no originales de suelo afectando a un área de 4,874.28 km² entre 1976 y 1993, y 2,474.93 km² en el periodo 1993-2002. Cambios menores pudieron ser detectados para los periodos 2002-2007 y 2007-2011. El mapeamento para los años de análisis hizo posible la identificación de los cambios de uso y cobertura de suelo en la región Huasteca. Las técnicas utilizadas son una herramienta que pueden ser usadas para evaluar impactos negativos en la vegetación y proponer alternativas para el manejo y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales.

Palabras clave: Cambios de uso de suelo, deforestación, SIG, análisis temporal, Huasteca

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INTRODUCTION

Humans are the main transformer of the world's ecosystems (Vitousek et al., 1997) and its impact had generated worldwide biodiversity loss and global warming, regional scale alteration of hydrological cycles, deforestation, loss of habitat and changing the distribution and abundance of wildlife (Márquez-Linares et al., 2005).

Also, it has provoked the generation of differentiated spatial patterns of land use change which, generally, are reflected in the loss of áreas with natural vegetation such as températe or tropical forests (López-Blanco, 2005).

This ambition to convert forests and rain forests into land for livestock production and agriculture has caused annual deforestation rates of up to 2% in the world's rain forests (Dirzo and García, 1995; Castillo-Santiago et al. 2007; Pacheco et al. 2009). In the case of the Mexican Republic, 52% of the country's total surface of 1,945,748 km²are covered by forests, rain forests and large áreas of scrublands with tree vegetation that reach a height of up to 3 meters (Ricker, 2010).

However, the National Forest Inventory of México for the year 2000 registered a loss of 36% with regard to forest and rain forest ecosystems (Ricker 2010). According to Velazquéz et al. (2002), deforestation rates in México varied between -0.25 and -1.02% during the period from 1976 to 2000, indicating a loss of 0.25 and 1.02% of forest cover per year.

The Huasteca región for instance has been historically known for producing many forest resources. Nonetheless, forest cover has been modified in various ways as a result of human-induced activities. Different biophysical factors come together with human-induced activities such as agriculture and livestock production, which may have an important impact on the transformation of ecosystems (Algara, 2009). The most important alteration can be observed with regard to rain forests and forests (Quinteros, 2012). Furthermore, the modernization of productive activities have accelerated and deepened these changes, due to the fact that the age of industrialization provoked the increase of livestock herding, the demand for wood and the need for wood-derived producís (Aguilar-Robledo, 2001).

Despite this loss of forest cover in the past, there are few studies and little new quantifiable information on the deforestation rate and other changes in land use and land cover that have occurred in the Huasteca región (Reyes et al., 2006). The Huasteca is located between the Nearctic and Neotropic regions, which are both rich in biodiversity (Mittermeier and Goettsch, 1992). It is therefore very important to conserve its remnant of vegetation in order to protect the biodiversity, and to assure the livelihood of the people as well as all the benefits and services that this región provides.

The timely and precise evaluation of patterns pertaining to land use and land cover change "deforestation" allows understanding how regeneration, succession and degradation processes work in woodland ecosystem (Márquez-Linares et al. 2005). Henee, by evaluating these patterns, this study will contribute to the development of forest management, conservation and restoration strategies in an área affected by human-induced activities.

For these reasons, the main objective of this paper was to evalúate the deforestation rates in the Huasteca región of México.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Study área

The Huasteca región is divided into different political and administrative entities, each of which is named according to the state of the Mexican Republic to which it belongs. This is how the Huasteca is constituted by the Huasteca Hidalguense, Potosina, Tamaulipeca, Veracruzana, Poblana and Queretana (Figure 1). The región is generally characterized by sharing a culture and vegetation types with similar characteristics, and the área is located between 22° 16' 00" Northern Latitude and 98° 30' 00" Western Longitude. It covers approximately 65,675.85 km² with a population over three millions of inhabitants (CONABIO, 2012).

 

Preparation of the data base

The methodological approach was based on the use of a Geographical Information System, which allowed analyzing changes in land use and land cover with a reasonable degree of effectiveness (Klemas, 2001; Velazquez et al. 2002; Berberoglu and Akin, 2009, Weckmüller et al. 2013; Peralta-Rivero et al. 2013). This method made it possible to collect, to structure and to analyze important spatial information for the management of tropical áreas (Green et al. 1996; Klemas, 2001).

In order to analyze the land use-land cover change and deforestation processes, many research projects that deal with large áreas have used cartography from official sources (Velazquez et al. 2002; Rosete-Vergés et al. 2009; Miranda-Aragón et al. 2013). In the case of the Huasteca Región, the data base for land use and vegetation was used corresponding to series I (ti) (1976), series II (t₂) (1993), series III (t₃) (2002), series IV (t₄) (2007) and series V (2011) on a scale of 1:250,000. It was provided by the directorate general for research on ecological management and ecosystem conservation of the National Institute of Ecology and the National Institute for Statistics and Geography (INEGI) which had generated and carried out a process of data validation (INEGI, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2013; Velazquez et al. 2002; Niño and Victoria, 2013; Rósete et al. 2014) (Table 1).

Table 1. Comparison table of methods and inputs used for mapping land use and land cover in the Huasteca región, scale 1:250,000.

 

In order to obtain the data base for the study área, maps on land use and land cover were merged and projected on the coordinate system UTM WGS-84. This allowed a better overlap of polygons and made it possible to extract the study área.

The classes of land cover and land use were standardized (Appendix 1) and the following were established: agriculture, water, urban áreas, forest, scrubland, other types of vegetation, grassland, rain forest, without vegetation, and secondary vegetation (Figure 2). Standardization of classes consisted of labeling digitized polygons in different mother classes

Analysis of the processes of land use and land cover changes

In order to obtain statistical data and maps on land use and land cover changes standardized and cartography sources were superimposed with reclassified cartography sources fromthe series ti, t₂, t₃, Uand t₅.

This part of the analysis allowed generating a map that expresses the magnitude as well as the spatial distribution of land cover and land use changes dynamics in the Huasteca región.

In order to describe the dynamics of change in the forest cover, a "deforestation process" model was developed, based on which change rates were calculated according to the equation introduced by the FAO (1996) (equation 1).

 

Where S is the change rate (in order to express percentage, it has to be multiplied by 100); SI is the surface on the first date 1; S2 is the surface on the second date 2; and n is the number of years between the two points of time.

(e.g. forest, pasture, agriculture) so that they could be compared to the different series showed in table one. This was done because the different cartographies (series I to Series V) were developed under various methodologies and classification systems of land use and land cover.

Likewise, the different standardized classes were reclassified as natural covers, non original covers, water and urban áreas with the aim to analyze the effect of human-induced activities on the land use and land cover in the región (Figure 2) (Appendix 1).

This rate expresses change in terms of the percentage of the surface at the begirming of each year. The same procedure was used for each of the other standardized classes, in a way that the results reflect all transitions regarding land cover and land use.

Covers that were affected by systematic transitions were distinguished from those where change happened randomly. Dominant marks of change and indications for change were identified as well as gross gains and losses, with the aim to obtain the total change in the respective categories (Pontius et al., 2004). To this end, a cross-tabulation or change matrix was developed by crossing the maps created at a specific time (time 1 and time 2). In the mentioned matrix, the rows represent the categories of the map in time 1 (77) and the columns represent the categories of the map in time 2 (T2). In addition, another column was added in order to represent the deforestation rate or land use and land cover change for the different classes (Table 2).

Finally, to estímate the áreas that were subject to the natural regeneration of vegetation (1976-2011), the covers which had reached a primary forest stratum were quantified and mapped (Table 3).

 

 

 

RESULTS

Land use and land cover

The dynamics of land use and land cover in the Huasteca región can be reconstructed for a timeframe of 35 years (Appendix 2) (Figure 3 and Figure 4), based on the analysis of the obtained information. Table 3 indicates that the biggest áreas that were mapped and quantified correspond to agriculture and pasture, representing approximately 60% of the surface of the Huasteca Región in the year 2011. It can be observed that the share of agricultural land has increased continuously by almost 50% over the past 35 years (1976-2011). In the case of pasture, this class had the highest surface until 1993, but in the last period (1993-2011) it has been decreasing its área in small proportions (Figure 3).

 

 

Changes in land use and land cover

According to the calculations developed, the most reliable statistical data for the analysis of changes in land use and land cover for the years of study corresponds to data on the forest cover, while the least reliable data refers to water and urban áreas which presented inconsistencies in the crossing among the dates of different years. Nonetheless, reasonable evidence of LULCC was found when crossing ti-t₂, t₂-t_3> t₃-t₄ and t₄-t₅, while also taking account of the particular dynamics of the ecosystems that had been analyzed.

The main changes occurred between t!-t₂ were the increase in agriculture (1.99%) as well as the high change in the deforestation rate of forest (-0.86%) and rain forests -2.01%. Here, must be noted that there were high rates of lost vegetation, and a considerable increase of the human-induced activities. Furthermore, urban áreas increased by 11.82% over the same time period, while áreas without vegetation increased by 56.03 km² despite the fact that their growth rate was merely 6.33% (Figure 5 and Figure 6) (Appendix 3).

Between 1993 and 2002 (t₂-t₃), most classes of land cover and land use suffered from losses, except for agriculture, water and urban áreas. The greatest loss of forest cover was registered for the categories "other types of vegetation" (-3.78%) and "rain forest" (-1.41%), (Figure 5 and Figure 6) (Appendix 4).

Among 2002 and 2007 (t₃-t₄), the loss and gain rates of land use and land cover were much smaller than for the previous periods. A gain could be observed for the category rain forest and other vegetation with 249.55 km² and 236.55 km² respectively. Furthermore, urban áreas increased annually by 3.01%, and agriculture by 0.86%, (Figure 5 and Figure 6) (Appendix 5).

Finally, between 2007 and 2011 (t₄-t₅) the class that suffered changes was other vegetation with a loss rate of -2.13%. In the case of the rain forest, there was a rate of deforestation of -0.05% and for forest a positive rate of 0.02%. (Figure 5 and Figure 6) (Appendix 6).

It must be noted that in the last two periods of analysis (t₃-U and t₄-t₅) the deforestation rate for the main classes of forest vegetation "forest and rain forest" was decreasing. The loss of forest cover between 1976 and 2011 amounted to 1,324.9 km² for forests and 4,545.71 km² for rain forests, while the natural regeneration of non-forest covers to forest covers made up 731.11 km² for forests and 1,252.72 km² for rain forests (Appendix 3, 4, 5, 6).ç

 

 

General changes in land cover

By crossing data from four years (1976, 1993, 2002 and 2007), it can be observed that the pressure of human-induced activities on natural land cover (forest, rain forest, other vegetation, scrubland and no vegetation) has increased its surface, translating into an increase of non-original cover (secondary vegetation, pasture and agriculture). Despite this, in 2011, the Huasteca región conserved approximately 11,022.63 km² of original land cover representing 16.78% of the surface. Furthermore, the development of total changes in land cover and land use amounted to 17.43%, or 11,446.75 km² of the Huasteca región, as shown in detail in (Table 4).

The main changes occurred with regard to natural land covers which transformed into non-original land covers, mostly in the period of time between 1976 and 1993 with 4,874.28 km², followed by 2,474.93 km² for the period of time between 1993 and 2002, and finally 677.63 km² for the period of time between 2002 and 2011. In spite of this loss of natural cover, 2,122.81 km² were recovered between 1976 and 2011 taking into account only the non-original land covers (Table 5) (Figure 7 and Figure 8).

The changes from natural covers to non-original land covers represent 12.22% of the surface of the study área, and the changes of non-original land cover to natural land covers make up 3.23%. Other changes that occurred in small proportion were related to the increase and decrease of the urban área and water bodies in the different periods of analysis, and in sum they represent 1.98% (Table 5).

Finally, the data on land use and land cover shows slight imprecisión with regard to the transition, which has also occurred in other studies of analysis on land cover and land use change. In this case, the error found of 543.84 km² or 0.83% refers mainly to inconsistencies with regard to the original land use classification and inconsistent changes in land use and land cover take into account the individual dynamics of ecosystems and problems of overlap.

 

 

 

 

DISCUSSION

The Huasteca was a región the surface of which was covered by natural land covers with a low impact and grade of transformation in its landscapes (Instituto Nacional de Geografía, 1992a, 1992b). But over time, agricultural modernization and industrialization, the increase of livestock, and the demand for wood and wood derived producís had important stake in the considerable increase of land cover types that were induced by humans (Aguilar-Robledo, 2001).

Obtained data demonstrates that for the studied years, forest cover (rain forest, forest and scrubland) in particular reduced its surface, as affirmed by Reyes et al., (2006) and Quinteros (2012).

The highest deforestation rate calculated was -2.01% for the period 1976-1993, and it must be noted that it is higher than the general national deforestation rate for México (-0.25 and -1.02%) between 1976 and 2000 according to Velázquez et al. 2002, and (-0.76%) according to Mas et al., (2009). Only the state of Veracruz has a higher deforestation rate (-2.2%) between 1993 and 2002, and the deforestation rate is generally lower in all other states of the Mexican Republic (Céspedes-Flores and Moreno-Sánchez 2010). Likewise, in accordance with Rosete-Vergés et al. (2014), the deforestation rate for rain forest and forest in México had been -0.41% and -0.08% respectively between 1976 and 2007, and it is lower than our findings for the first two periods of analysis (1976-1993 and 1993-2002), but it is almost the same in the last two periods of analysis (2002-2007 and 2007-2011). Inthe two last periods of analysis, it was found that the forest cover reduced its deforestation rate, a tendency that was calculated for all the republic of México by Mas et al., (2009).

Some of the consequences of deforestation in the Huasteca región are related to government policies. In the decade of seventies the Mexican government for instance launched the irrigation project "Pujal Coy", which caused the transformation of large áreas of forests to other uses in a large part of the Huasteca. According to Reyes et al. (2006), deforestation rates reached 5% for forests and up to 11% for secondary vegetation between 1976 and 2000. Another project with similar characteristics was the National Clear Program, better known as PRONADE, between 1972 and 1983. It was a Mexican government program intended to cut a total of 24,598,797 hectares, (12% of the country) (mostly evergreen and deciduous forest) in order to convert the land into pasture for cattle (Moreno, 2011). Both projects included extensive áreas of the Huasteca región (Aguilar-Robledo 1992).

Yet, until 1976 the Huasteca región conserved approximately 34.21% of its original land cover. Furthermore, the development of total changes in land cover and land use amounted to 17.43% or 11,446.75 km² of the área and the main remnant are located in the high land (Sierra Madre Oriental) of this región (16.78% or 11,022.63 km²). However, although forest remnants are located on high lands, this is not a guarantee for their conservation. Sahagún (2011) argües that between 1989 and 2005 deforestation rates for rain forest in the Sierra Madre Oriental were -0.42 % higher than the national average previously discussed. Also, Ibarra (2008) demonstrates that in the "Sierra del Abra de Tanchipa", a natural área protected in the Huasteca región was modified and deteriorated by induced-human activities between 1973 and 2005.

Based on this discussion, it needs to be emphasized that the Huasteca región is the bridge between the Nearctic and Neotropic regions rich in biodiversity, and many actions must be undertaken to conserve this área, in order to assure the survival of biodiversity, the livelihood of the people and all direct and indirect benefits and services that it provides.

 

CONCLUSIONS

It can be concluded that the mapping of changes in land use and land cover for the period of study (1976-2011) using techniques of Geographic Informatics System are adequate for the evaluation and the analysis of the changes that have occurred in the Huasteca región, since they were able to identify phenomena of deforestation and losses of natural land covers.

Also, techniques of Geographic Informatics System recognize the errors in the classification of land use and land cover, product of different methodologies used in the production of the original cartography, and the error rate found regarding changes in land use was of 0.83% or 543.84 km².

The analysis carried out based on a cross-tabulation matrix demonstrated that in particular agriculture and pasture caused the modification of the biophysical landscape of the Huasteca over the period of time from 1976 until 1993. Deforestation rates for rain forests, forests, scrublands and other types of vegetation were also higher than the national deforestation rates reported for México, even though for the period of time between 2002 and 2011 a backward trend could be observed.

The analysis which measured the land cover change (natural land cover and non-original land cover), indicated that non-original coverage increased by 8,027.04 km², and natural land cover only recovered 2,122.81 km² in the same period of 35 years.

Furthermore, Geographical System Information showed that 62.65% (41,143.28 km²) of the surface of the Huasteca región had been modified by human activities before the year 1976, and from 1976 until 2011 changes affected 17.43% (11,446.75 km²) of the study área.

It was furthermore demonstrated that the loss of forest cover in the Huasteca between 1976 and 2011 amounted to 1,324.9 km² for forests and 4,545.71 km² for rain forests, while the natural regeneration of non-forest covers to forest covers made up 731.11 km² for forests and 1,252.72 km² for rain forests. In other words, only 33.79 % of the área affected by deforestation has been recovered by natural regeneration, and the rest has been maintained for other uses.

 

APPENDIX

 

 

 

 

 

 

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